Tom wakes up at 7 a.m. every day. He eats cereal for breakfast and walks to school. He always says goodbye to his dog before leaving.

What does Tom do after breakfast?

Sarah has blue eyes and short blonde hair. She is friendly and likes animals. She works at a pet shop every weekend.
What is Sarah like?

The supermarket is next to the bank and across from the library. There is also a small café beside the supermarket. Many people go there after shopping.
Where is the library?

Mark usually drinks orange juice and eats a sandwich for lunch. Sometimes he also has an apple. He eats at his desk while working.
What does Mark have for lunch?

Anna studies English every Monday and Wednesday at 4:00 p.m. She enjoys her classes and always does her homework on time. Her teacher says she is a good student.
When does Anna study English?

Pedro has a big dog named Max. Max likes to play with a ball in the park. Every morning, Pedro walks Max for thirty minutes before work.
What is the dog’s name?

Lisa is at the bus stop. She is waiting for the number 5 bus. It comes at 8:15 a.m. every day, but today it is late.
What is Lisa doing?

My father is a doctor. He works in a hospital and helps sick people. He wears a white coat and uses a stethoscope.
Where does my father work?

They are eating dinner at 7:00 p.m. They have pasta and salad on the table. Everyone is happy and talking together.
What are they eating?

The cat is under the table. The dog is next to the sofa. The rabbit is inside its cage near the window.
Where is the cat?

Maria goes to the gym on Tuesdays and Thursdays. She takes a water bottle and a towel. After exercising, she drinks juice.
When does Maria go to the gym?

John is my brother. He is 12 years old and likes football. On Saturdays, we play together in the park.
Who is John?

Julia is writing a report for her biology class. She went to the library yesterday to find books about plants. Today, she is using her computer to finish it. She plans to print it tomorrow and hand it in on Friday.
What is Julia doing today?

Every summer, my family travels to the coast. We stay in a small house near the beach. We swim, play volleyball, and eat seafood. It’s the best time of the year for us.
Where does the family go in summer?

Tom has a new smartphone. He uses it to take photos, send messages, and check the weather. His old phone was slow and didn’t have a good camera.
Why does Tom like his new phone?

The bakery opens at 6 a.m. every day. The bakers start working at 4 a.m. to prepare bread and cakes. Many people come early to buy fresh food before going to work.
When do the bakers start working?

Luis and Marta are planning a party. They want to invite 20 friends, cook dinner, and play music. Marta will make a cake, and Luis will decorate the house.
What will Luis do?

Alice usually finishes work at 6:00 p.m. But today, her boss asked her to stay later. She’s tired but agrees to help because the project is important.
Why is Alice staying late?

Tom and his sister were in the park yesterday when it started to rain. They ran to a tree, but it didn’t help. They got very wet and laughed all the way home.
What happened in the park?

There are many ways to save energy at home. Turning off lights, using energy-efficient bulbs, and not leaving appliances on can make a big difference. Even small actions help the environment.
What is one way to save energy?

This Friday, our school is organizing a talent show. Students can sing, dance, act, or show any talent they have. The winner will receive a prize and a certificate.
What happens at the school on Friday?

Mike had a bad cold last week. He stayed home, drank tea, and slept a lot. After three days, he felt better and went back to school.
What did Mike do while he was sick?

Emma loves cooking. She watches cooking shows, reads recipes, and experiments in the kitchen. Her dream is to open a small café one day.
What is Emma’s dream?

Next month, David is traveling to Italy for two weeks. He wants to visit Rome, Venice, and Florence. He has already booked his flight and hotels. He is very excited.
Where is David going?

Last night, a fire broke out in a downtown apartment building around 11:30 p.m. Several residents were asleep when the fire started, but the smoke alarm alerted them in time. Firefighters arrived within minutes and evacuated everyone safely. No one was injured, but the top floor suffered severe damage. People are now staying in temporary shelters provided by the city. The cause of the fire is still under investigation.
What happened last night?

Many people believe that online education is more flexible than traditional classroom learning. You can study from anywhere, and schedules are often more adaptable. However, some argue that it lacks face-to-face interaction and can feel isolating. Still, online courses are growing in popularity, especially for working professionals and parents. Universities now offer entire degrees online.
What is one advantage of online education mentioned?

The Smith family went on vacation to the mountains last week. They stayed in a wooden cabin, went hiking every day, and cooked their meals over a campfire. Even though it rained on the second day, they still had fun playing board games indoors. On their last night, they watched the stars and shared stories by the fire.
What did the Smiths do when it rained?

James works in customer service at a large tech company. He answers emails and calls from clients who need help with their software. He says the job can be stressful, especially when customers are angry, but helping others gives him satisfaction. James has been in the role for two years and recently got promoted to team leader.
What is James’s job?

During the meeting, the manager explained the company’s new strategy. She emphasized the importance of teamwork, innovation, and open communication. Employees were encouraged to suggest improvements and think outside the box. The team also discussed plans for expanding into new markets in the next quarter.
What was the manager’s focus?

In big cities, traffic congestion is a serious problem. People spend hours commuting, and pollution levels increase due to car emissions. To solve this issue, some cities are promoting public transportation, building more bike lanes, and even banning cars from city centers on certain days. These efforts aim to create cleaner and more livable environments.
What is one suggested solution?

The museum exhibition shows how ancient civilizations used tools to build homes, cook food, and protect themselves. It includes interactive displays and replicas that visitors can touch. Children can also participate in workshops where they learn to make simple clay pots using old techniques. The museum wants to make history fun and engaging.
What can visitors do at the museum?

Laura forgot to set her alarm last night and overslept. She missed her train and arrived at work 30 minutes late. Her boss wasn’t angry, but he asked her to be more careful in the future. Laura apologized and promised to double-check her alarm from now on.
Why did Laura arrive late?

The local bakery has started using organic ingredients in all its products. Customers say the bread tastes fresher and better. Sales have gone up since the change, and the bakery has received several awards for quality. They are now planning to open a second location in the city center.
What change did the bakery make?

My cousin moved to Canada last year. At first, she felt lonely because she didn’t know anyone. But she joined a hiking club and started making friends. Now she enjoys the natural scenery and peaceful lifestyle. She even volunteers at the community center twice a week.
What helped her feel better?

Tom is learning how to cook. He watches videos, reads recipes, and practices every weekend. Last Sunday, he made lasagna for his parents. They said it was the best they had ever tasted and encouraged him to keep going. He now wants to take a cooking course.
What did Tom make last Sunday?

Mobile phones have changed the way we live. People use them to communicate, work, take photos, and even pay bills. However, some experts warn about excessive screen time, which can affect sleep and concentration. It’s important to balance usage and take regular breaks from screens.
What is one concern about mobile phones?

Over the past decade, remote work has evolved from a rare privilege to a common practice in many industries. With the development of digital communication tools, employees can now work from home or even different countries without affecting productivity. Companies report increased employee satisfaction and lower overhead costs. However, challenges such as maintaining team cohesion and avoiding burnout still remain. Some businesses now offer hybrid models to balance flexibility with in-person collaboration.
What is one benefit of remote work mentioned in the text?

Tourism has both positive and negative effects on local communities. While it can create jobs, generate income, and promote cultural exchange, it can also lead to overcrowding, pollution, and the loss of cultural identity. In recent years, cities like Barcelona and Venice have implemented regulations to limit the number of tourists and protect their heritage. Sustainable tourism initiatives encourage travelers to respect local customs and support eco-friendly businesses.
What is one reason cities are limiting tourism?

Learning a second language offers more than just the ability to communicate in another tongue. Studies show that bilingual individuals often have better memory, problem-solving skills, and cognitive flexibility. These mental benefits can delay the onset of age-related conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, being bilingual opens up more career opportunities in today’s globalized economy.
According to the text, what is one benefit of being bilingual?

Climate change is affecting weather patterns around the globe. In some regions, rainfall has become more unpredictable, while others are experiencing longer droughts or more severe storms. This has a direct impact on agriculture, water availability, and public health. Scientists warn that unless carbon emissions are drastically reduced, these changes will intensify. Governments are being urged to adopt greener policies and invest in renewable energy.
What is one consequence of climate change mentioned?

Artificial intelligence is transforming industries ranging from healthcare to transportation. In hospitals, AI can analyze medical images faster than humans and detect diseases earlier. In cities, smart traffic systems help reduce congestion. However, the use of AI also raises ethical questions about privacy, decision-making, and employment. Experts call for regulations to ensure responsible development and use.
What is one application of AI in healthcare?

When studying abroad, students are exposed to new cultures, languages, and academic systems. This experience not only enhances their education but also helps them grow personally and professionally. Adapting to a new environment builds resilience and intercultural skills. Many employers value international experience, as it shows independence and adaptability.
Why do employers value international experience?

Social media has revolutionized how we communicate, share news, and build communities. While it connects people globally, it also spreads misinformation quickly. Algorithms tend to show users content they agree with, creating echo chambers. This can polarize opinions and reduce exposure to diverse perspectives. Users must develop critical thinking skills to navigate online content responsibly.
What problem is associated with social media?

In today’s competitive job market, soft skills like communication, teamwork, and emotional intelligence are just as important as technical knowledge. Employers seek candidates who can adapt, collaborate, and lead. While hard skills can be taught, soft skills are often developed through experience and self-awareness. Educational institutions are now including soft skill training in their curricula.
What is a key characteristic of soft skills?

Nutritionists recommend a balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Processed foods high in sugar and salt should be avoided, as they increase the risk of obesity and heart disease. Regular meals and hydration are essential. A healthy diet improves energy levels, concentration, and overall well-being.
According to the text, what should be avoided?

Digital nomads are professionals who work remotely while traveling the world. Thanks to technology, they can work from cafés, co-working spaces, or even beaches. This lifestyle offers freedom and adventure, but also comes with challenges like time zone differences, unreliable internet, and loneliness. Successful digital nomads need discipline, organization, and a reliable income stream.
What is a challenge faced by digital nomads?

Volunteering abroad can be a life-changing experience. Volunteers assist in education, healthcare, and environmental projects. They gain skills, meet diverse people, and contribute to meaningful causes. However, it’s important to choose ethical programs that truly benefit the local communities rather than just offering a tourist experience.
Why is choosing an ethical program important?

Over the last few years, podcasts have become a popular form of media. People listen to them while commuting, exercising, or relaxing at home. Topics range from news and storytelling to education and comedy. Their accessibility and variety make them attractive to wide audiences, especially young adults. Creating a podcast requires minimal equipment, which encourages content creation.
Why are podcasts popular?

The increasing integration of artificial intelligence into the hiring process has raised concerns about bias and transparency. While algorithms can process thousands of applications in seconds, critics argue that they may replicate human prejudices, especially if trained on biased data. For instance, if a company’s historical hiring favored certain demographics, the AI could unintentionally continue this trend. To address this, companies are urged to audit their algorithms, introduce ethical guidelines, and ensure diversity in their training datasets. Transparency in how decisions are made is key to maintaining trust in automated systems.
What is the main concern discussed in the text?

The concept of “greenwashing” refers to the practice where companies market themselves as environmentally friendly without implementing truly sustainable practices. For example, a brand might highlight recycled packaging while ignoring the fact that their production involves excessive water use or carbon emissions. This creates a misleading image and undermines genuine sustainability efforts. Regulatory bodies are beginning to demand clearer labeling and proof of claims. Consumers are also becoming more informed and skeptical, pressuring companies to back up their statements with measurable actions.
Why is greenwashing problematic?

The global shift toward renewable energy has accelerated in recent years due to climate concerns, technological advancements, and economic incentives. Solar and wind energy, once considered expensive alternatives, are now among the most affordable sources of electricity in many parts of the world. However, the transition isn’t without challenges. Grid infrastructure must adapt to variable supply, and energy storage solutions are still evolving. Moreover, regions dependent on fossil fuel exports face economic disruptions, necessitating policies to support affected communities.
What is one challenge of transitioning to renewable energy?

Remote learning, which surged during the COVID-19 pandemic, exposed a digital divide that many had underestimated. While some students adapted quickly, others lacked devices, stable internet, or a conducive home environment. Teachers faced similar hurdles, with little training on digital tools. Though the crisis accelerated educational innovation, it also highlighted existing inequalities. To ensure long-term success, institutions must invest in infrastructure, training, and inclusive policies that leave no learner behind.
What did remote learning reveal according to the text?

The rapid spread of misinformation on social media has forced platforms to reconsider their responsibilities. Algorithms that prioritize engagement tend to favor sensational or polarizing content, which often lacks factual accuracy. Efforts like fact-checking partnerships, user reporting systems, and content labeling have been introduced. Still, critics argue these measures are insufficient or too slow. The balance between freedom of expression and public safety remains a controversial and evolving debate.
Why are social media platforms being criticized?

Emotional intelligence (EQ) is increasingly regarded as a critical leadership skill in modern workplaces. Leaders with high EQ can navigate interpersonal dynamics, empathize with team members, and manage conflict constructively. Unlike IQ, which remains relatively constant, emotional intelligence can be developed through self-awareness, feedback, and active listening. Organizations that invest in EQ training often report improved employee satisfaction, collaboration, and retention.
What makes emotional intelligence valuable in leadership?

Globalization has connected markets and cultures more than ever before. While it brings economic growth and access to a broader range of goods, it also contributes to job displacement, environmental stress, and the erosion of local cultures. Critics argue that multinational corporations often prioritize profit over people, exploiting labor and resources in developing nations. For globalization to be truly inclusive, it must be accompanied by ethical regulations, fair trade policies, and support for local industries.
What is one negative effect of globalization mentioned?

The field of neuroscience has made significant strides in understanding the human brain. Through imaging technologies like fMRI, scientists can observe brain activity in real time, gaining insights into behavior, emotion, and cognition. This has led to new treatments for mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. However, ethical concerns about brain privacy and manipulation are growing, especially as neurotechnology becomes more sophisticated and accessible.
What ethical concern is raised in the text?

The rise of the gig economy, where individuals work as freelancers or on-demand contractors, has transformed traditional employment models. While it offers flexibility and autonomy, it also lacks benefits such as health insurance, job security, and paid leave. Many workers face instability and must juggle multiple roles to earn a living. Policymakers are now debating how to redefine labor laws to protect gig workers without stifling innovation.
What is a major drawback of the gig economy?

Scientific literacy plays a crucial role in public decision-making. During the pandemic, misinformation about vaccines and health guidelines spread rapidly. Citizens who understand scientific reasoning are better equipped to assess risks and make informed choices. Education systems are now encouraged to integrate critical thinking and data interpretation skills into curricula, preparing future generations for complex global challenges.
According to the text, why is scientific literacy important?

The use of biometric data—such as facial recognition, fingerprints, and iris scans—has become widespread in both security and commercial applications. While these technologies improve efficiency, they also raise serious privacy issues. Data breaches can expose sensitive information, and there’s concern over surveillance misuse. Regulatory frameworks are essential to ensure that biometric systems are implemented ethically and with informed user consent.
What is the main concern with biometric data?

The philosophy of minimalism encourages people to focus on what truly matters by reducing excess possessions and distractions. It promotes mindful consumption and values experiences over material goods. Minimalists often report increased clarity, reduced stress, and more meaningful relationships. In a society driven by consumerism, minimalism offers an alternative path to fulfillment based on simplicity and intentionality.
What is one benefit of minimalism mentioned?

In the wake of rapid technological evolution, philosophical debates have emerged regarding the essence of human consciousness and its potential replication in artificial entities. While some theorists argue that consciousness is an emergent property that could eventually be simulated, others maintain that it is inherently biological, tied to the organic complexity of the brain. This schism has implications not only for science but for ethics, as it challenges our understanding of identity, rights, and the boundaries between human and machine. As AI continues to mimic decision-making processes, society must address whether such systems could or should be granted moral consideration.
What central dilemma does the text highlight?

The economic principle of the “tragedy of the commons” illustrates how individual users acting independently according to their self-interest can ultimately deplete shared resources, despite knowing that this is against everyone’s long-term best interest. This principle has been applied to a variety of issues, from overfishing and water usage to digital bandwidth consumption and environmental degradation. Sustainable management requires collective agreements, enforced regulations, and sometimes the privatization of resources to prevent exploitation. However, such solutions often ignite debates about equity, access, and governmental overreach.
What does the “tragedy of the commons” describe?

Postmodern architecture, characterized by its eclectic aesthetics, rejection of uniformity, and playful reinterpretation of classical elements, emerged as a response to the perceived sterility of modernist design. While modernism emphasized function and simplicity, postmodernism reintroduced ornamentation, symbolism, and historical references. This divergence reflects broader cultural shifts, where certainty and progress gave way to ambiguity, irony, and pluralism. Today, postmodern buildings provoke admiration and criticism alike, symbolizing a complex dialogue between tradition and innovation.
What is a defining trait of postmodern architecture according to the text?

The democratization of information through the internet has drastically altered journalistic standards and audience expectations. Once filtered through professional gatekeepers, news now spreads virally via social platforms, often without verification. While this shift enables marginalized voices to reach global audiences, it also facilitates the spread of conspiracy theories and disinformation. Traditional media outlets are adapting by embracing multimedia content, interactivity, and data journalism, while striving to maintain credibility in an era of deepfakes and algorithmic manipulation.
What challenge do traditional media outlets face today?

Quantum computing promises to revolutionize problem-solving by processing complex calculations far beyond the capabilities of classical computers. Instead of binary bits, quantum systems use qubits, which can represent multiple states simultaneously due to superposition. Coupled with entanglement, this allows exponential speedup in tasks like cryptographic analysis, molecular modeling, and optimization. However, the field is still in its infancy, with significant engineering and theoretical hurdles to overcome before practical, large-scale applications can be realized.
What is a current limitation of quantum computing mentioned in the text?

Cognitive dissonance theory, proposed by Leon Festinger, suggests that individuals experience psychological discomfort when they hold two conflicting beliefs or when their behavior contradicts their values. To alleviate this discomfort, people often change their beliefs, justify their behavior, or trivialize the inconsistency. This phenomenon explains why individuals may remain loyal to flawed ideologies or products, as admitting error would threaten their self-concept. Recognizing dissonance is key in psychology, marketing, and conflict resolution.
What do people tend to do when experiencing cognitive dissonance?

In literary criticism, intertextuality refers to the shaping of a text’s meaning by other texts. Rather than viewing works in isolation, this approach acknowledges the web of references, allusions, and influences that inform a narrative. From subtle homage to overt parody, intertextuality challenges the notion of originality and highlights the dialogic nature of storytelling. Recognizing intertextual layers enriches interpretation, offering readers deeper insight into an author’s intent and cultural context.
What does intertextuality emphasize in literature?

The Anthropocene, a proposed geological epoch, signifies the profound and lasting impact humans have had on Earth’s ecosystems and geology. From altering atmospheric composition through carbon emissions to triggering mass species extinctions, our footprint is now visible in sediment layers and biodiversity patterns. The designation remains debated among scientists, yet it underscores the urgency of environmental stewardship. Whether formalized or not, the term frames humanity as a geological force with irreversible consequences.
What does the term "Anthropocene" refer to?

In behavioral economics, the “nudge theory” proposes that indirect suggestions and positive reinforcement can influence decision-making more effectively than direct instructions. For example, placing healthy foods at eye level in stores subtly encourages better dietary choices. Governments and businesses alike use nudges in policy design, aiming to guide behavior without removing freedom of choice. The ethical implications of such interventions, however, raise concerns about manipulation and consent.
According to the text, what is a characteristic of a “nudge”?

Ethnographic research, commonly used in anthropology and sociology, involves immersive observation to understand cultural practices and social behaviors within communities. Unlike surveys or experiments, it relies on prolonged engagement, often requiring researchers to live among participants. This method yields rich qualitative data, capturing nuances that quantitative approaches might miss. Yet, its subjective nature, ethical complexities, and potential for observer bias necessitate rigorous reflection and transparency.
What is a key feature of ethnographic research?

Digital sovereignty refers to a state’s ability to control its own digital infrastructure, data, and policies without relying excessively on foreign technology providers. In an era dominated by global tech giants, many governments are pushing for domestic alternatives to ensure national security, privacy, and economic independence. This movement has sparked debates about internet fragmentation, freedom of expression, and the potential for digital protectionism.
What is the main goal of digital sovereignty?

Transhumanism envisions the enhancement of human capabilities through advanced technology, including genetic engineering, brain-computer interfaces, and life-extension interventions. Proponents argue that these innovations can eliminate disease, augment intelligence, and even achieve digital immortality. Critics, however, warn of ethical dilemmas, socio-economic inequalities, and the loss of what it means to be human. The debate continues as technology edges closer to what was once only science fiction.
What is one promise of transhumanism according to the text?